Parker Pen Company Essay

Background George Safford Parker founded Parker Pen Company in 1892 in Janesville, Wisconsin. It began with the production of his first fountain pen. Afterwards in 1894, Parker had its first major innovation; â€Å"the lucky curve† which consisted on reducing the leak caused in fountain pens. Parker’s first marketing approach was to produce high quality pens and make them become status symbols; Parker pens were signer’s favorite, giving the company the first or second position globally. The company obtained this successful position due to investigations and development by constantly innovating for the production of new products; for instance with the creation of Quink â€Å"quick drying ink, they produced the Parker 51; which became a bestseller and was catalogued as â€Å"the most perfect pen ever produced†. It gave the company $400 million within 30 years. By the end of 1980 the parker pens were sold in over 150 countries. In 1987 the company’s headquarters was moved to Newhaven, East Sussex, England. Then in 1993 Parker was aquired by Gillette Company, which already owned the PaperMate brand. Then in 2000 Gillette sold the company to Newell Rubbermaid, and became the largest in the world owning writing products with brand names such as, Sharpie, Parker, PaperMate, Waterman and Liquid Paper, among others. People involved George Parker the founder James R. Peterson the president and CEO of Parker Pen: Peterson has to deal with the compay’s problems, for instance instead of having over 40 publishing firms he hired one that could do the job of all. Jack Marks the head of writing instruments advertising Richard Swart the marketing vice president: Before entering Pen Parker, he worked for 3M Carlos Del Nero is Parker’s manager of global marketing planning. Business involved Pen Parker Company Gillette Company Newell Rubbermaid The U.K. subsidiary Ogilvy & Mather: Main problem Parker Pen Company faced some difficult years where they were not obtaining as much revenues as expected. Therefore the company hired a new board of marketing directors seeking the implementation of new strategies for the company. The new board, which consisted of highly qualified people, began their campaign by standardizing the products in a centralized system. This centralized system consists of abolishing plurality in the decision-making. The new system they adopted which was a world wide strategy caused the company more than $20 million in looses. Marketers didn’t investigate therefore gave the company a negative image in the market. Solution Due to the fact that the company was having some issues that was preventing the company to rise up, in 1985 the CEO was fired, moving the company’s new system to a decentralized one. The company is now able to adapt to changes, it is able to adapt to the numerous cultural barriers existing around the world, creating different marketing plans for each nation; with this, Parker regain their image in order to be able to position themselves in the market. Questions 1.The globalization process in the Parker pen company was a failure until major structural changes were implemented by James R. Peterson. Before this  change the company had misdirected its efforts to globalize its operations, many key maneuvers were ignored and this led to a close to bankruptcy status which was never in the company’s plans. Basic rules of globalization for any company state that an extensive research of the potential market has to be done, and very thoroughly. investigating the market conditions in not enough, political, legal, social and cultural aspect have to be at the top of the list to ensure that the strategies will b effective and that consumers will respond positively to the strategies implemented. This was one of the things that Parker pens failed to do, they just relied on a weak currency that allowed foreign markets to purchase American-made products, this would only last until the U.S. dollar lost its acquisitive value. Another reason why their globalization process failed was because they broke another fundamental rule, they didn’t centralize their operation and gave creative and operational autonomy to all of their branches. This caused a great loss of corporate identity and became a big problem at the most critical time since a different solution was to be presented for each one of the subsidiaries. 2.The problem that Parker pen had in its globalization process was spawned form miscalculations or lack of vision in very key areas. The first thing which globalization promoters at the Parker Company underestimated was the strength and impact of the changing market. They never considered that economic and political conditions would vary in such a way that their overseas operations would collapse in such a way. They relied on a very strong dollar which made it easy for foreign costumers to purchase their products, making this their most important income source. By overlooking this important event they drove themselves into an awkward position where they had low sales internally and over autonomous subsidiaries with a large stock and no market share at all. The other factor that they failed to consider seriously before engaging in such a risky entrepreneurship was the fact that they were living in a time when Chinese massive production was starting to flood the markets with cheaper and more convenient products, at a point where people demanded  cheaper product due to a volatile economy and political situation. Their product line depth and width were very impressive with over 400 different product, they had a solid portfolio but nothing to compete directly with the mass produced pens coming from China. They relied on their traditional products and their traditional distribution channels, in which they were losing their entire market share as well. 3.The Parker pen company is one on thousands of examples that can be quoted as being merged with a bigger company; this is an inherent condition of globalization as an economic phenomenon. Like everything else that is involved in globalization, this specific case of being acquired by a bigger company has its upside and its downside. For a company like parker that had a considerably large operation worldwide, the negative things are lesser important than the positive things. The main negative factors that this could have are for example a possible loss of the company ´s know how. By having to accommodate to another company’s rules and methods, Parker could have lost its own knowledge of the business, this is a very valuable commodity in the world today and it’s hard to maintain it when a company has to become an active part of another one. Uniting Parker pens to Gillette and Rubbermaid could also trigger a dangerous situation amongst the employees, changing cities and managers has a very large impact of the moral of the employees since they begin to lose their company identity which is another valuable commodity that companies cannot afford to lose since it is one of the main incentives that the workers have. Identity inside the company is just as important as identity outside it, if a merger like this means that there will be changes implemented in the company ´s image it could trigger a loss of costumers or even a major shift in the place that the company has in terms of â€Å"top of mind†. The benefits that this situation could bring upon a company are several and of great importance. In the case of Parker pens, a company with a very important level of recognition worldwide, joining a larger enterprise would imply broadening its market share globally, by having better, bigger and more distribution channels, allowing them to reach new costumers which is a very difficult thing to do in the world today. A big name behind a brand  means more resources, this in turn means more research for product development, more advertisement, more promotional strategies, better market research with a finer degree of segmentation and every other activity that would help a company to better it ´s self. Another very important thing is the support that Parker pens would have by being part of the Rubbermaid holding, this makes it easier to innovate and take risks, it also transmits a sense of safety to the costumer, they know that being part of the world ´s leader in writing instrument s does not come easy, so trusting Parker pens is something they can and should do.

Lobbying Essay

Lobbying is a pathway of action, a way for citizens to influence government, that is essential for to be able to use, but is dangerous when lobbyists push for ideas that are from a minority instead of the majority. Lobbyists are those who attempt to persuade or influence the opinion of the actions of government through sharing information, persuasion, and political pressure via telephone, email, letters, and voicing your opinions directly to your representatives (Congressmen, city council members, senators). Lobbyists also lobby through offering financial aid for their re-election. Lobbyists lobby their representatives usually because they have a closer connection with and were elected by them and other members of their community. Social lobbying is creating a relationship with your representatives through inviting them dinners and trips in order to discuss issues that they are passionate about. Reasons for lobby are usually Lobbying is beneficial to bringing change faster than the other pathways of action, for lobbyists are directly influencing their representatives. Lobbyists benefit government through giving public opinion to issues and through upholding the desires of the people Federal and State Government officials do no just come up with ideas for laws on the spot by themselves; they obtain ideas for laws through the ideas and concerns of the people in order to keep them happy, for the main goal of any political official is re-election. It is required to register as a lobbyist in Texas after 5 days of lobbying and that has contacted any legislature for the purpose of persuasion along with receiving $1000 in compensation or $500 quad-annually. Lobbying benefits government because it is a pathway of action that the citizens of the country can take for the purpose of influencing government, but it can also corrupt government through lobbying the interests of minorities instead of the majority. The creation of the relationships through social lobbying can put a leash on legislatures, and cause these legislatures to be act on the will of the min ority group.

The Capitalist Class And The Proletariat Essay - 2151 Words

Adam Smith and Karl Marx both examine the capitalist mode of production as an issue of central theoretical concern. I will be addressing many issues regarding capitalism from both theorists that will demonstrate the general theoretical orientation that each has towards the nature of capitalism and the roles of the capitalist class and the proletariat. This includes the moral character of the capitalist class, the tendency of capitalism towards crisis, the effects of the division of labour, and the permanence of the system in a historical context. Further, I will also demonstrate why these issues are relevant today, and how many of the arguments made by these theorists are still being used. The first issue surrounding the nature of capitalism I will address is the moral character of the capitalist class as perceived by Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The overall position that Adam Smith adopts in the Wealth of Nations is that the pursuit of self-interest for personal gain of the capitalist can be beneficial for the general welfare of society, so long as it is channeled through the market rather than through the interference of the state (Baumol 1976; McNally 1998). However, this does not imply that the interests of the capitalist class should be the guiding interests of the market. Baumol (1976) argues that Smith repeatedly attacks the personal morality of the capitalists, arguing that the intentions of the individual should not determine the economic fate of society. SmithShow MoreRelatedAccording To Marx, Society Is Primarily Divided On Those1675 Words   |  7 Pages According to Marx, society is primarily divided on those who own property, For Marx, he believes that there are only two primary groups in society and these classes are the bourgeoisies and the proletariats whose social relationship is the motivational force for change in capitalism. But before humans can do anything, they must satisfy certain their basic needs, they must feed, clothe and house themselves though productive labor, as it is the This approach is called by Marx, the MaterialistRead MoreSurplus Value Is The Most Significant Concept1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main source of oppression and exploitation over the proletariat within a capitalist society. It allows Marx’s ideas to follow a consecutive lineage, from the oppression of the proletariat, to overcoming false class-consciousness, finally leading to the Proletarian revolution. Surplus value is the key reason why the proletariat must rebel and regain the true value of their labour, instead of it being appropri ated by the capitalist class (Bourgeoisie). The extraction of surplus value is importantRead MoreThe Manifesto Of The Communist Party758 Words   |  4 Pagesexposing the shift of hierarchical distinctions from lord and serf to owner and worker. As Marx and Engels attempt to define the trajectory of history they looks at these issues from a high level of abstraction which allows their major thesis about class conflict providing the basis for historical change to take shape. With this strategy they are able to connect the rise of markets with increasing globalization, colonialism, and commodification. Marx and Engels ability to provide a cohesive base forRead MoreAdam Smith and Karl Marx1053 Words   |  4 Pagesredistribution of wealth was the way to go. Smith believed in a free economic system that gave capitalists rights to accumulate their wealth. Adam Smith explains that wealth was with the landlords and capitalists. This led to a lot of trade between major cities. Once the working class was given power, the fall of these wealthy cities began to occur, thus starting the â€Å"fall of the Roman Empire.† The working class, or the slaves, were the majority, and most men according to Smith will never see the benefitsRead MoreThe Nature Of The Good Life1295 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher has their own values and beliefs. I decided to pick one of the most well known philosophers, Karl Marx. Karl Marx’s philosophy is by far one of the most looked at. He called capitalism the dictatorship of the upper class. , saying that it was run by the wealthy class solely to make profit and maximize their own benefits. The end product and goal of capitalism was simply economic gain. 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As bourgeois industries continue to

The Death Of Hektor And The Destruction Of Troy - 937 Words

The death of Hektor and the destruction of Troy were solely caused by his own pride. His refusal to the surrender, which would protect him and most importantly the whole town of Troy, demonstrated his unimaginable selfish behavior. Instead of protecting Troy, Hektor, without hesitation, picked to fight in order to prove his superiority. . This is an example of how one s life can be demolished if pride and honor is prioritized. Hektor acquiesced his whole life to a strong desire for honor, which was implanted in his head by his parents. Oppositions towards my personal beliefs are made by associates from church. Very Slavic beliefs are still heavily implied in the surrounding society and the tendency for Russian people to stick together and then establish similar views increases. . Relying on the support of others, emphasis isn t placed on the careers of my friends. Females rely on males for financial support, thus losing their independence. The man is the main provider and source of income in the house , is a common Slavic belief that restricts the actions of women. The common role of women is to spend time at home raising the children that is why a career is irrelevant. In many ways, it is considered wrong and embarrassing if a female is more financially stable than a male. There is a common belief stating that marriage is the highlight of one’s life. Marriage is considered something honorable and hard to achieve, which is why some will go to such extent as toShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Family in Books 6 and 24 in Homer’s Iliad.1017 Words   |  5 PagesFamily is very important in Books 6 and 24, but it is also one of the main themes throughout the Iliad. Book 1 begins with the vengeance taken by a father who has lost his daughter. The leaders of the Greeks are brothers, and Achilles’s revenge against Hektor is caused by the loss of the brotherly love of Patroklos. And even amongst the gods, the allegiances to the Greeks or the Trojans is decided along family lines. Artemis is on the side of the Trojans because her brother Apollo sides with them. ThisRead MoreThose Who Exalt Themselves : The Pride Of Hektor Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesPride of Hektor I. Introduction While pride is a vice that is often frowned upon in modern cultures, it occupied a vastly different place in ancient Greek culture. Indeed, it was often inextricably tied to their concept of glory and heroism. Be as that may, Homer, in The Iliad of Homer, despite it being one of the most well-known pieces of ancient Greek literature, portrays pride in a more negative light than was the norm of his time. Pride in the Iliad most often causes much destruction and endsRead MoreEssay on Achilles1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthe character Achilles is one of the major foci of the story. His actions of lack of actions have enormous effects upon how the plot unfolds. 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Personal Narrative Methods For Discipleship - 1361 Words

Methods for Discipleship My plan for discipling is to support my mentee over a period of twelve weeks with one on one meetings fortnightly. I will also make it a point to catch up with her each Sunday to see how she is doing and encourage her. I will pray for her regularily and keep in touch through text messages at least once a week. I will be a spiritual influence, guidance and support that she needs in her life. I will use prayer, my personal experience, Scripture, Christian resources and mature people that I trust to help me to do this for her. Six One on One Meetings The first meeting we meet at church and over dinner I asked my mentee (who I will refer to as Ally) what she wanted to get out of our meetings and what her goals were. Ally said that she would like to have more self cofidence because she was struggling to accept herself. So I told her about Psalm 139:13-18 and I said it would be a cool idea if we both memorised and studiecd it together, which she was keen to do. She also said that she wanted to be a better influnece to her family because they are non-Christians. We had a discussion on what she thought she was doing well and where she thought she could improve. Her last goal was to spend more time with God but she felt like she didn’t have time. So we discussed where she could make time and what her priorities were. I asked her questions about herself to get to know her and then I closed the meeting by praying for her. At our second meeting, IShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The King Jesus Gospel1131 Words   |  5 Pagesleaders support a message of salvation instead of promoting gospel messages. Gospel culture involves membership, decision-making, and discipleship. Besides, salvation culture does not guide the members to become disciples. However, I understand that orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and Anglicanism aims at transforming followers from membership to discipleship (mainly those people who take part in the sacramental process). Furthermore, as discussed by McKnight, evangelicalism aims at accomplishingRead MoreSpiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Essay2870 Words   |  12 Pagesthrough prayer, the Holy Spirit and reading biblical scriptures. It will explore spiritual discernment using the bull’s-eye method. The literature will discuss my past and present experiences of discernment, a counselor and clients experiences and my comments on my personal position of thi s client’s supplication. Spiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Segment 1: Personal Position When making career decisions that are in harmony with one’s self and with the will of God (Christian, 208)Read MoreThe Major Literary Forms Of The New Testament3126 Words   |  13 Pagesdescribes the scriptures delivered by the ministry the early Christians concerning the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Cor. 15:1-8). Also, the genres are used to designate any of the first four books in the New Testament. 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Given the lack of information about the author, we as interpreters may have to be satisfied with information that we have and make our own decisionsRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pages 1.4 Werlich’s textual typology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.... 1.5 Biber’s text type†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter 2.Text Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.1 The descriptive text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.2 The narrative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.3 The expository text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.4 The argumentative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 The instructive text form †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ Chapter 3.The directive-instructive text-type†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreJohn the Baptist5770 Words   |  24 Pagespotentially be able to either discover a new perspective of John the Baptist’s way of life, or remain faithful to his/her presupposed opinion of the Baptist’s remarkably devout servitude to God. Basic Biographical Information John the Baptist’s personal history has a surprising significance that would dramatically affect his ministry; this significance can be easily overlooked without attributing the proper attention to the matter. His lineage and traditionalistic inheritance play an important role

Forecast Period and Forecasting Revenue †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Forecast Period and Forecasting Revenue Growth. Answer: Introduction: Next Financial year forecasted revenue is measured with the help of growth in the historical data, Future economic condition, Industry specific information, political and government impact over the organisation. In all above historical data with growth is very important to arrive at forecasted data. We have calculated yearly growth of revenue of the companies. Revenue of the company is including the revenue from operation of hotel, Revenue from hotel and other Management services, Interest Income and dividend income. Growth in the revenue of the company is fluctuating and it is decreased as well as increased in last five year. If we are looking for average growth in the revenue of the company is 5.22%. The revenue of the company in the year 2016 is 1440739 and expected growth rate is 5.22% and forecasted revenue for next year will be 15,15,968.49. Revenue of the company was increased by 45% in the year 2011 as compared to 2010 which is much higher growth percentage but the same was decreased in the year 2012 by 42% and again in the year 2013 by 7.61%. In the year 2014 the company was utilised its resources very efficiently and growth in revenue of 29% is recorded. Then there is another decrease of 6.02% in the year 2015 and there is an increment of 12.67% in the year 2016. Economic conditions are favourable for this industry as the service sector is growing with a multiplier rate. So there is no adverse impact over the forecasted revenue. Growth of the company is good as compared to the industry. The Company will grow with the multiplier rate in future. Historical data of the company is obtained from the Annual report of the company. The goal of the company is high as looking of the Management of the company towards positive growth is reflected in the annual report. The Directors are proposing to enter into the new sector of job work under which revenue of commission or charges is booked. According to the industry analysis the growth in service sector is high in the future. For An investor this company is Target Company as company has started growing and will grow with a higher rate in future. Average growth of the company is recorded at 5.22% and forecasted data is calculated based on the same. Future forecasted data is helpful for the company to utilise its resources in the effective manner. If the organisation is able to manage its resources and convert the same into money then growth of the organisation is certain. The organisation may see exponential growth in revenue in the near future if the future economic conditions are in favour of the organisation. Reference: Z Kristina, (2015), Stock Analysis: Forecasting Revenue and Growth, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/022315/stock-analysis-forecasting-revenue-and-growth.asp M Ben, (n.d.), DCF Analysis: The Forecast Period Forecasting Revenue Growth, https://www.investopedia.com/university/dcf/dcf1.asp Barry Blom, Salomon A. Guajardo, (2001), Revenue Analysis and Forecasting, https://gfoa.org/revenue-analysis-and-forecasting J Glenn, (n.d.), Tax Analysis and Revenue Forecasting, https://ideas.repec.org/p/qed/dpaper/169.html

The Fallen Angel Analysis Of The Final Scenes Of Blade Runner Essays

The Fallen Angel: Analysis of the Final Scenes of Blade Runner The Fallen Angel: Analysis of the Final Scenes of Blade Runner. Director Ridley Scott's Postmodern reply to the modern consists of recognizing that the past, since it cannot be destroyed, because it's destruction leads to silence, must be revisited. So memories and emotions are meaningless without immortality. " Like tears in the rain." Director Scott has a chilling story to tell, and there is a complex web of allegory and meaning lurking in the background. The final scene of Blade Runner reveal religious and philosophical parallels and these are Milton's Paradise Lost and humanity itself. God is questioned, mocked and finally destroyed. The use of tightly framed shots, reaction shots, and mise en scene are used to highlite the allegoricall relationship to Christianity. Humanity itself is brought up for definition in this film, as the Replicants are in many ways more human than the " real humans" they are interacting with. The mise en scene suggests a vision of the future that is not only a sprawling, technological metropolis, but an empty soulless place. Through it's characters a sense of quiet desperation. They are withdrawn almost, living in a mellow dream which when disrupted, is painful and struggling. The characters seem random, everyday people of the city, but united by the will to survive because there is nothing else, nothing but fear. Death to the replicants is represented by their own mortality and the outside embodiment of the Blade Runners; stalkers. Roy and his followers: Pris, Zora and Leon are Milton's fallen angels. They are created by Tyrell ( God ) and given a limited life span. Roy a symbol of mankind is separated by his maker, when he is sent off world ( expelled from heaven ). And like Lucifer, is obessed with the same questions of mortality: How much time do we have? Were are we going? Milton's battle takes place in heaven. Here it is fought on earth. Roy cannot approach Tyrell directly. He uses an intermediary; Sebastian ( Jesus Christ ) as his link to God. Bibical teachings has it that God can only be approached through His Son, Jesus Christ. Sebastian is the only true human. He is the composite of both man and replicant as Jesus is a composite of God and man. Just as Jesus lived among men, Sebastian lived among the replicants. The Bible syas the score between Lucifer and Christ is yet to be settled, Ridley Scott decides to to take advantage of the liberties afforded him by Postmodernism by deciding to rewrite the future. With God and Christ dead, satan becomes almost a Christ-like figure. Light and shadow is evoked to show Roy in a new role as all knowing and all seeing. Extreme close-up of Roy's eye reveal a person who is enlightened and empowered with knowledge. A further significance to substaniate Roy's transition into Christ is that he pierces his hand with a nail, a symbol of Christian crucifixian. The final scenes were Roy becomes the hunter takes place high above the city. The concerns of the people no longer permiate the scenes. Dekkard is filmed from a high angle to suggest vulnerbality and a lack of understanding, with his eye's closed as his clings to life; a keep of blindness to the world around him. With the end near Roy Batty goes through yet another change. This manifests in the fact that he prevents Dekkard from falling to his death and becomes his savior. As they face each other, the proxemics patterns change and for the first time Dekkard and Batty are frame tightly together. Roy brings himself down to his opponants level of understanding by sitting eye to eye. As they face each other, Roy seemms to come to terms with his own mortality and the inevitability of death. He ceases to struggle against what he cannot change, the hand of death. By the time Roy dies, he has redeemed himself by following in the footsteps of Christ. In order for God to forgive him, he spares the life of the men trying to kill him. As he dies a high angle frames a white dove flying free towards a clear sky. Finally his soul is purified. Scott, Ridley, dir. Blade Runner. With Ford and Rutger Hauer. The ladd Company. 1982